Michael Randall, Peter Blais, John Prymak, Mike Prevallet, Skamser, Ab
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Capacitor Considerations Power Management
Michael Randall, Peter Blais, John Prymak, Mike Prevallet, Skamser, Abhijit Gurav, Pascal Pinceloup, Xilin Aziz Tajuddin, Philip Lessner, Travis Ashburn
KEMET Electronics Corporation, Fairview Street Extension, Fountain Inn, 29644 Phone: 864-409-5611, FAX: 864-409-5642 e-mail: mikerandall@kemet.com Abstract Portable electronic devices demand maximum battery performance. This demand ever increasing power outpaced rate battery development electronics industry. Power management portable electronic devices thus become critical area circuit design component selection, development cycle portable electronic devices. energy designs improve mean time between charging (MTBC). Design capacitors with maximized insulation resistance (IR) minimized equivalent series resistance (ESR) useful tool minimizing battery drain rate. this paper, capacitors typical battery operated applications modeled with respect leakage current several types capacitors available from several manufacturers. measured each data used model anticipated MTBC performance function conditions generic applications. effect insulation resistance anticipated MTBC predicted. lower capacitors, which highly consistent capacitance inductance from capacitor capacitor, design battery operated electronic devices projected improve performance significantly. Introduction battery operated electronic goods shown strong growth with time. Table exhibits market projections several battery operated portable devices.
Table Market Estimates Select Portable Electronic Devices1,2,3,4
Product
Laptop Computer Cell Phone Personal Digital Player (MP3) (Digital Still Camera) Overall:
Units (Million)
1,015
(Billion)
1,251
number passive electronic components each type portable electronic device varies. example, typical Digital Still Camera (DSC), Sony Cyber Shot contains multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC)5, while typical cell phone, Sony-Ericsson S0505i contains MLCC.6 These numbers change with model time, but, general, they increase with increasing device complexity trend toward convergence functionality continues. Using assumption which likely conservative, that number ceramic capacitors used device ~100, annual consumption these types battery powered electronic devices excess billion units, more than about current world wide total available market (WWTAM) ceramic capacitors which currently estimated approximately billion units annual usage.7 Over time, capacitance unit volume available most types capacitors also increased improvements thin dielectric layer technology well proportion active active volume illustrated discussed detail numerous papers.8,9,10,11,12,13 While this trend been very valuable integration miniaturization efforts that have been drivers electronics industry, also resulted reduction voltage rating capacitor devices that each MLCC manufacturer strived defeat with some success. example trade between volumetric efficiency voltage rating shown figure Since voltage most electronic devices
©2006 Components Technology Institute, Inc., Huntsville, 2006 CARTS Conference Proceedings, April 2006, Orlando, Page
improvements that have occurred over time each manufacturer data larger case size parts considerably older (~3-6 years) than data smaller case size parts.
Interval Plot UVBD Case Size
Mean
UVBD
0603
0805 Case Size
1206
1210
Figure Breakdown voltage class MLCC function case size.
Individual Value Plot RTIR Case Size
Figure Increase capacitance volumetric efficiency over time, MLCC.
RTIR (MegOhm)
MLCC Voltage Rating Case Size: Class
Voltage Rating 1210 1206 0805 0603
Voltage Rating
0603
0805 Case Size
1206
1210
Individual Value Plot HTIR Case Size
HTIR (MegOhm)
Figure Representative trade-off voltage rating smaller case size MLCC.
also dropped with time, technology improvements MLCC technology over time, this typically been issue. However, with reduction voltage rating associated reduction breakdown voltage (BV) also occurred. Figure illustrates this effect representative dielectric MLCC culmination different manufacturers over time. drop apparent. This reduction also observed, albeit with poorer correlation with respect both room temperature (RTIR) elevated temperature (HTIR) indicated poorer correlation likely process
Typical MLCC 0603 Catalog Limit (25C value) Typical MnO2 Case Catalog Limit Value)
1206 Case Size
1210
Figure RTIR HTIR case size MLCC.
reference, typical minimum HTIR case (1206) rated MnO2 capacitor 25°C about about third half that equivalently sized MLCC about
©2006 Components Technology Institute, Inc., Huntsville, 2006 CARTS Conference Proceedings, April 2006, Orlando, Page
third less than lower 0603 MLCC values.14 Additionally, typical catalog minimum value 0603 MLCC 25°C.15 These points included HTIR slide even though specifications these part types 25°C order show that actual values typically considerably higher than specification. Median time between charges (MTBC) major consideration when designing battery powered devices. Leakage current, inversely important that high leakage current will adversely affect MTBC capacitor configured across battery decoupling bypass configuration illustrated
Signal Generator
Load
Figure Generic capacitor coupling circuit. indicates possibility more than capacitor circuit.
Load
Figure Generic decoupling bypass circuit. indicates possibility more than capacitor parallel.
Figure Representative ceramic capacitor impedance curve.16
Additionally, equivalent series resistance (ESR) important portable electronic device high detrimental power transmission when capacitor configured series with load depicted generically coupling application, conduction properties capacitor used pass specific frequency range, while excluding frequencies above below that range illustrated
this application, capacitor typically selected such that resonance frequency said capacitor centered frequency interest. resonant frequency capacitor calculated using relationship:
where: resonance frequency (Hz) inductance capacitance Resonance frequency values various capacitance inductance values illustrated fig. easily calculated utilizing KEMET's Spice program.16
©2006 Components Technology Institute, Inc., Huntsville, 2006 CARTS Conference Proceedings, April 2006, Orlando, Page
Resonance Frequency
1.00E+13
Resonance Freq. (Hz)
1.00E+12
1.00E+11
1.00E+10
batteries used power portable electronic devices vary significantly from device device. Table depicts battery data several portable electronic devices. From this, general assumption about power consumption made each device, even though power consumption varies greatly with conditions.
Table Battery Data Representative Portable Electronic Devices
Type Laptop Laptop Cell Phone Cell Phone Product Voltage 11.1 10.8 Capacity mA-h 4320 48.0 8800 95.0 1000 1600 2100 2000 14.4
1.00E+09
1.00E+08
1.00E+07
1.00E+06
1E+01 1E+00 1E-01 1E-02 1E-03 1E-04 1E-05 1E-06
Capacitance (uF)
Dell Motorola Motorola
Figure Resonance frequencies various capacitance inductance values.
D600 DV1000 V265 T-Series T-Series Motorola Cell Phone (Extended Life) Apple Ipod (Gens. Ipod (Gen. Cyber Shot Cyber Shot (High Capacity)
these types applications, frequencies typically high (>100 MHz) capacitors involved typically lower value (i.e., less). important that these devices have with respect impedance load that little energy dissipated capacitor series configuration. Quality factor typically used measure steepness depth impedance curve valuable consideration this application. defined
Apple Sony Sony
From table evident that most portable applications interest batteries voltage categories (~10-12V, ~7-8V ~34V), that mA-h ratings vary widely from ~500 10,000 depending upon application. Power management portable electronic devices becoming more important consumer demand performance, functionality maximized MTBC addressed design community. Numerous clever elegant solutions, both hard soft, have been introduced that enable improved power management.17,18,19 Entire symposia have been dedicated this subject.20 These developments vary scope from throttling frequencies hibernation power consuming components. This study focuses impact capacitor leakage current, inversely, well impact ESR, inversely qualitatively, MTBC generic portable electronic devices.
where: Quality factor dissipation factor (tan(), where loss angle) Capacitive reactance 1/(2f frequency (Hz) Capacitance Equivalent Series Resistance From equation above, evident that increases frequency, capacitance reduced. Combining these factors with effect inductance indicates that best solution this type application centered frequency interest, that achieved using lowest inductance possible order enable lowest possible achieve interest, combined with minimized ESR.
©2006 Components Technology Institute, Inc., Huntsville, 2006 CARTS Conference Proceedings, April 2006, Orlando, Page
Discussion
1.E+08
Estimated Battery Discharge Time
3.6V mA-h Application (Cell Phone)
Est. Dischard Time
generic configuration illustrated fig. most important parameter consider impact MTBC. Using Ohm's law:
1.E+07 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02
Region Concern
where: voltage current resistance Assuming that possible estimate potential impact MTBC using with respect number bypass capacitors each based upon voltage device MTBC. Figures 9-12 illustrate projected effect number number bypass capacitors having similar MTBC four typical battery applications (laptop computer, cell phone, player, high output digital still camera depicted Table assuming that capacitors battery side switches. region concern depicted figures hours. This region arbitrarily more than week.
Estimated Battery Discharge Time
1.E+08 1.E+07
1.E+01 1.E+00
1,000
10,000
Number Pass Capacitors
Resistance Each Bypass Capacitor
Figure Projected discharge times typical cell phone function bypass capacitor
Other levels more appropriate depending upon application well customer expectations. Designers should avoid designs this region designs would likely lead unacceptable leakage.
Estimated Battery Discharge Time
1.E+08 1.E+07
3.7V 2100 mA-h Application (MP3 Player)
Est. Dischard Time
1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02
Region Concern
11.1V 4320 mA-h Application (Laptop Battery)
Est. Dischard Time
1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02
Region Concern
1.E+01 1.E+00
1,000
10,000
Number Pass Capacitors
Resistance Each Bypass Capacitor
1.E+01 1.E+00
1,000
10,000
Figure Projected discharge times typical player function bypass capacitor
Number Pass Capacitors
Resistance Each Bypass Capacitor
Figure Projected discharge times typical laptop computer function bypass capacitor
©2006 Components Technology Institute, Inc., Huntsville, 2006 CARTS Conference Proceedings, April 2006, Orlando, Page
Estimated Battery Discharge Time
1.E+08 1.E+07
7.2V 2000 mA-h Application (High Output DSC)
Est. Dischard Time
1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02
Region Concern
above case, insertion each device series with more load(s) will necessarily reduce batter life, will reduce signal amplitude each device. Additionally, important that designer choose capacitor solution that stable capacitance, inductance ESR. Changes these values significantly reduce signal load increasing overall impedance circuit. This effect illustrated +/-10% change capacitance from nominal value fig. well +/-10% change inductance from nominal value fig. both situations with capacitors having values resonance figures indicate that +/-10% change either increase impedance significantly target frequency (fT) 2.45 this example. associated much from ~1.4 this situation. These effects much more dramatic than effect changing (i.e., impedance change resonance only +/-30 increase associated with changes above reduce signal amplitude much 2.2% impedance load, much 10.7% impedance load.
Impedance Frequency
2.000 1.800 1.600 1.400
1.E+01 1.E+00
1,000
10,000
Number Pass Capacitors
Resistance Each Bypass Capacitor
Figure Projected discharge times high output function bypass capacitor estimates each applications indicate that capacitors bypass configuration battery powered applications discussed should issue with respect MTBC until drops below until number devices across battery encroaches 1000 values >=1M. This should issue even highest volumetric efficiency (i.e., lowest MLCC capacitors available. While number capacitors continues increase each these applications over time, likely that number bypass capacitors each will encroach 1000 quite some time. model indicates that capacitors designed into bypass these types designs should probably exceed minimum under conceivable application conditions (voltage, temperature, etc.). this time commercially available MLCC capacitor products known authors exceed this level significant amount.
(Ohms)
1.200 1.000 0.800 0.600 0.400 0.200 0.000
2.0E+09 2.1E+09 2.2E+09 2.3E+09 2.4E+09 2.5E+09 2.6E+09 2.7E+09
Cnominal
generic series configuration illustrated fig. important factor frequency(ies) interest with respect impedance load frequency interest. Typical load impedance loads 50.21 applications near above GHz, have values high near resonance (see fig. Transmitting power through these devices will dissipate additional energy, thereby limiting amount signal energy sent load. This power dissipation shows reduced amplitude signal, limiting ability respective portable electronic device. Taking this into consideration, designer must either choose lowest impedance (highest capacitor range frequency interest, "over design" circuit provide additional signal compensate power loss higher impedance capacitor.
Target Frequency
2.8E+09 2.9E+09 3.0E+09
Frequency (Hz) Nominal +10% -10%
Figure Effect +/-10% change capacitance upon impedance target frequency.
©2006 Components Technology Institute, Inc., Huntsville, 2006 CARTS Conference Proceedings, April 2006, Orlando, Page
Impedance Frequency
2.000 1.800 1.600 1.400
Summary Power management major consideration design today's battery powered portable electronic devices. Numerous methods power management exist hard device solutions well software solutions these devices. Capacitors influence power usage portable electronic devices least ways, through excessive leakage when used bypass configuration through excessive power dissipation when used series manner. known ceramic capacitors have adequate these applications assuming that device must discharge arbitrarily time frame ~200 hours when number devices placed across battery less than 1000 units which known designs currently battery operated devices. Concern warranted with respect either these types devices. significant design considerations portable electronic devices significant variations these capacitor properties affect signal amplitude several percent more. very important consideration selection capacitor coupling consistency from device device change either +/-10% affect signal strength >10%. Accordingly, capacitor industry continuously strives improve consistency performance capacitor devices.
(Ohms)
1.200 1.000 0.800 0.600 0.400 0.200
Lnominal
Target Frequency
0.000
2.0E+09 2.1E+09 2.2E+09 2.3E+09 2.4E+09 2.5E+09 2.6E+09 2.7E+09 2.8E+09 2.9E+09 3.0E+09
Frequency (Hz) Nominal +10% Inductance -10% Inductance
Figure Effect +/-10% change inductance upon impedance target frequency. element research development capacitor industry directed toward increasing well reducing impedance improving consistency Gains achieved mainly through advancements materials selection, green processing thermal processing dielectric, internal electrode external electrode composite comprising MLCC. Gains valve metal type capacitors (Ta, like) typically made improvements associated anodization process. Improvements consistency typically made improvements process capability. This achieved effectively through Sigma methodologies like. Design DFSS tools have been utilized KEMET order improve product) capacitance values offered indicated Table rest MLCC industry. Table Representative Properties State Capacitors Offered KEMET Other Suppliers
References
Furthermore, KEMET been very successful efforts reduce valve metal products through evolutionary improvement MnO2 well revolutionary improvement exhibited organic polymer (KO) aluminum polymer (AO) introductions offerings. Reducing ESR/increasing also focus MLCC industry order improve signal integrity described above.
Laptop Units: Taipei Times, "Apple will Rule Notebook Roost: Study," Dec., 2005. $1251 provided World/E. Montalbano, News Service, "Windows Media Laptop Sales Surge Prices Drop," Feb. 2006. number sales estimated 2006 million unit range according CENS Daily News, "Quanta, Compal Grab Global Notebook Market Share," Jan, 2006. Cell Phone: Business Week, "Cell Phone Shipments Record 4Q," data provided Business Week isuppli, $142 Provided PDAStreet.com, Miller, "Landscape Weakens Cell Phones," Jan, 2006.
©2006 Components Technology Institute, Inc., Huntsville, 2006 CARTS Conference Proceedings, April 2006, Orlando, Page
Personal Digital Player (MP3), Electronic Business, "MP3 Leaders Face Off," Vol. June, 2005, $188 Apple (30% Market share), assumed entire market ASP, provided Forbes, Ozanian, "This Apple Shiny," Jan, 2006. Digital Still Camera (DSC), Communications Limited, "Strategic Analytics: Camera Phone Sales Surge Million Units Worldwide 2004; Million Digital Still Cameras Sold Globally Last Year," April, 2005. $265 provided Retailing Today, Vol. Oct., 2005. Portelligent Report 132-021011-1e, 2002. Portelligent Report 114-030825-1d, 2003. World Capacitor Trade Statistics Report, Q1Q3CY 2005, annualized. Randall, Gurav, Mann, Beeson, Maguire, Vaughan, `Thin Layer MLCC Technology', Presented 105th Annual Meeting American Ceramic Society, 2003. Randall, "High Volume MLCC Components," Workshop Presentation, Center Dielectric Studies, State College, 2002. Randall, "High Volumetric Efficiency MLCC," 12th US-Japan Seminar Dielectric Piezoelectric Ceramics, Osaka Japan, Sept. 2003. Mann, "Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors: Technology Trends Challenges," Clemson Nanocomposites Workshop, Clemson University, Sept. 2003. Randall "Multilayer Ceramic Materials Devices," 27th Annual Cocoa Beach Conference Exposition, American Ceramic Society, 2003. Randall, Case Integrated MLCCs: Effect Design Factors Maximum Capacitance Volumetric Efficiency," CARTS, 195-204, 2000. KEMET Surface Mount Capacitor Catalog. muRata Capacitor Specification, GRM188R60G106. Impedance curve generated using KEMET Spice Software available www.KEMET.com. Davis, "Battery Power Management," Electronic Design, 8079, June, 2004.
Intel, "Application Power Management Mobility," White Paper, 2002. Tuite, "The Laptop War: Speed Battery Life," Electronic Design, 37-42, Feb, 2006. example, www.IWPC.org. example, specifications RFMD RF3145 3158 power amplifier modules.
©2006 Components Technology Institute, Inc., Huntsville, 2006 CARTS Conference Proceedings, April 2006, Orlando, Page
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