SELECTION CHART PRODUCT RANGE Accuracy line: 3/4/6. versions
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AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS temperature sensors widely used motor vehicles. example: Inlet air-temperature control Transmission temperature control Engine temperature control Airco systems Airbag electronic systems Temperature detection laser diode players cars Frost sensors DOMESTIC APPLIANCES temperature sensors virtually equipment home where temperature plays role. This includes: Fridges freezers Cookers deep-fat fryers Washing machines dish washers Central-heating systems conditioning INDUSTRIAL, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, CONSUMER switching, measuring detection systems Process control Heating ventilation conditioning Fire alarms Temperature protection battery management/charging systems contrast control flat-panel displays, mobile phones camcorders Temperature compensation quartz oscillator frequency example, mobile phones Ink-jet printer head temperature detection Video audio equipment
SELECTION CHART
PRODUCT RANGE
Accuracy line: 3/4/6. versions: Miniature accuracy line: High temperature: Naked chips: molded: Special long-leaded (UL2468 insulation): Glass encap. miniature beads: www.vishay.com
OPERATING TEMP. RANGE (°C)
+125 +125 +150 +150 +150 +150 +150 +125 +200 +200 +125 +125
TOL. (±%)
TOL. (±%)
RESP. TIME
1.24 <1.2
LEAD MAX. (mm) (mm)
1.85 ±0.2 AWG30 0.56 max. 0.06
(mm)
min. min. min. 25.4 min.
MATERIAL
DOCUMENT NUMBER
two-point sensors 0.75 0.75
tinned nickel tinned copper tinned copper nickel: insulated non-insulated tinned plated copper-clad iron tinned nickel tinned copper:
29048 29049 29046 29054 29055 29056 29003 29044 29051 29051 29050 29050 29058 29059
0.75 0.75 0.75
AWG24 AWG24 AWG24
water-resistant brass-pipe epoxy-coated
29060 29060 29060
+200 +300 +200
0.85
0.24 0.06 0.24
min. min. min.
copper/nickel tinned iron
29061 29062 29063 29064
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Document Number: 29053 Revision: 10-Oct-03
RANGE SUMMARY
ACCURACY LINE 2322 flagship ranges. Accuracy Line sensors offer real value money. They have tolerances R25-value ±0.5% B-value) operating temperature range from +125 addition, they very stable over long life. 2322 series This range American standard line with excellent accuracy over wide temperature range (±0.75% B-value). Sensors available with R25-values from with operating temperature range from +125 SURFACE MOUNT TEMPERATURE SENSORS 2322 2322 recently-introduced 0805 0603 surface mount sensors temperature sensing compensation embody qualities Vishay BCcomponents' technology. sensors come full range R25-values from with standard tolerances 10%. Sensors with narrower tolerances also available special request. HIGH-TEMPERATURE SENSORS 2322
These sensors combine features Accuracy Line with long non-insulated insulated leads remote sensing applications. SPECIAL LONG-LEADED SENSORS 2322 special applications supply three types long-leaded sensors: water-resistant sensors humid conditions, pipe sensors corrosive atmospheres epoxy-coated sensors general use.
TEMPERATURE SENSORS WORK
temperature sensors made from mixture metal oxides which subjected sintering process that gives them negative electrical resistance versus temperature (R/T) relationship such that shown Fig.1.
3740
4570
This range high-quality glass-encapsulated temperature sensors price-competitive general use. only these sensors used their glass encapsulation makes them ideal corrosive atmospheres harsh environments, even down This makes them attractive alternative other more expensive sensing methods. addition, they very small. types tiny glass envelopes available: SOD27 sensors with leads, SOD80 (`MELF' execution) leadless, surface mount sensors. GLASS-ENCAPSULATED MINIATURE BEADS 2322 These ranges pack extremely high performance very small size. They fast stable temperature range from high +300 CHIPS 2322
Fig.1
Typical resistance function temperature temperature sensor.
relatively large gradient means that even small temperature changes cause significant change electrical resistance which makes sensor ideal accurate temperature measurement control. main electrical characteristics ceramic temperature sensor expressed three important parameters their tolerances (see below).
IMPORTANT PARAMETERS
PARAMETER B-value DESCRIPTION resistance sensor reference temperature material constant temperature coefficient resistance expressed
When leaded components cannot used, there always possibility mechanical fixing. this purpose supply metallized square chips with R25-values from MOLDED SENSORS 2322 molded sensors ideal where good surface contact essential. range extended further customer request, based 2322 series. MINIATURE ACCURACY LINE 2322
Document Number: 29053 Revision: 10-Oct-03
RESISTANCE (298.15
resistance (substantially room temperature) provides convenient reference point thermistors. Tolerances mainly variations ceramic
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material manufacture tolerances chip dimensions. Through highly homogeneous material compositions proprietary ceramic sawing techniques allowing precise control chip dimensions, products available with tolerances lower than
MATERIAL CONSTANT
material constant that controls slope characteristic (see Fig.1) which can, least first approximation, represented formula:
298.15
competitor
Where absolute temperature sensor.
practice, varies somewhat with temperature therefore defined between temperatures formula:
358.15 298.15
Fig.2
Typical resistance change function temperature Vishay BCcomponents temperature sensor compared competitor sensor.
B25/85 (expressed normally used characterize compare different ceramics. Tolerance B25/85) caused mainly material composition tolerances sintering conditions. latest materials offer tolerances ±0.5% 3528 i.e. most cases, better fitting curves than pure exponential required measure temperature accurately; formula (1). That each material curve defined order polynominal, shown below:
exceptionally B-value Vishay BCcomponents sensor compared with those typical competitors (see Fig.2) gives flatter `butterfly' curve which means more accurate temperature measurement using Vishay BCcomponents temperature sensors.
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT RESISTANCE
temperature coefficient resistance expresses sensitivity sensor temperature changes. defined
inversely expressing function
Using formula eliminate this re-expressed
approximations represent real material curves with error lower than 0.1% given temperature. values coefficients given specifications data sheet "640
Which means that relative tolerance equal relative tolerance B-value.
THERMAL STABILITY SENSOR TOLERANCES
total tolerances sensor over operating temperature range combination tolerances B-value given formula:
298.15
Figure graphical representation this formula which shows minimum since this temperature which sensor calibrated. Above below this temperature, tolerances increase increasing tolerances B-value, giving graph `butterfly' shape.
stability temperature sensor expressed terms maximum shift electrical properties, B-values after been subjected extended period maximum operating temperature. Figure example, shows long-term deviation B-value standard lacquered component from series with
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Document Number: 29053 Revision: 10-Oct-03
THERMAL STABILITY (continued)
0.20 shift B25/85 0.10 0.05 -0.05 min. -0.10 -0.15 -0.20 average max.
voltage
63.2% between initial final voltage
time (hours)
Fig.3
Ageing characteristics (dry heat series temperature sensor with
Fig.4
Typical output boiler sensor undergoing sudden temperature transition from
TEMPERATURE CYCLING
Another important criterion assessing performance sensor throughout operational life resistance thermal cycling. assess this, products subjected rapid temperature variations covering extremes over which they expected operate until failure induced. These tests fully demonstrate high reliability products: soldered types (for example types) withstanding more than 5000 cycles, glass encapsulated types (633 series) more than cycles without failure.
ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT HIGH-TECHNOLOGY MANUFACTURE
high accuracy temperature sensor series principally result advanced development high-technology manufacture.
ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT
Audits factory major customers especially automotive industry regularly award marks. This result strong commitment development heavy investment personnel equipment. Only such commitment have been able develop better materials with B-value tolerances 0.75%.
THERMAL TIME CONSTANT RESPONSE TIME
speed response sensor characterized time constant. This time sensor's temperature change 63.2% (i.e. 1/e) total change that occurs when sensor subjected very rapid change temperature. conditions under which time constant measured important. normally considered: Ambient change: component initially still then quickly immersed fluid fluid usually silicone other fluids, e.g. water washing machine applications, tumble dryers also specified. Power-on/power-off conditions: component heated dissipation electrical power still temperature after which electrical power removed. Figure represents typical voltage variation boiler sensor experiencing transition from temperature boiling water. graph shows response time about seconds.
Document Number: 29053 Revision: 10-Oct-03
HIGH-TECHNOLOGY MANUFACTURE
most significant improvement temperature sensor manufacture come through precision sawing. This gives much better control over R25-value than earlier pressing technique allowed achieve tolerances lower than After manufacture, electrically test every temperature sensors.
COMPONENT QUALITY, GUARANTEE EXCELLENCE
expect from world-class electronic components manufacturer, quality integral part company's make-up. It's reflected ISO9001/9002 approved organizations, which operate according principles (Total Quality Management). It's reflected act, think business. Quality, fact, essence what have offer:
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just products customer service customer relations well. Quality Assurance system based following principles: Total quality management involving careful design thorough investigation conformance reliability before release products processes. Careful control purchased materials manufacturing process steps. This mainly achieved strict implementation Statistical Process Control (SPC) detect eliminate adverse manufacturing trends before they become significant. Electrical inspection significant characteristics with target zero defects delivered sensors. Statistical inspection outgoing batches periodic reliability checks aimed collecting trend information, which steered towards Quality improvement. Quality assurance Vishay BCcomponents goes further, however. Batch tests under extreme climatic conditions designed test sensors destruction. Results clearly indicate that Vishay BCcomponents sensors provide reliable performance over long lifetime. fact that been verified figures obtained from many years close cooperation with major customers sectors industry. Proving conclusively that Vishay BCcomponents temperature sensors offer unsurpassed levels quality reliability field.
STEP Determine tolerance R25. Generally, will know accuracy which temperature should measured your application. relative tolerance (R/R) sensor resistance then: which temperature coefficient resistance; section "Temperature coefficient resistance". calculate relative tolerance (R25/R25), simply subtract from tolerance B-value. STEP Using tables `Device Data' this "Data Book", select sensor from series meeting your requirements calculated Step
STEP other important requirements such response time length component, refer "Selection chart". Although standard range gives narrowest tolerances special request, adapt manufacturing processes provide products with narrowest tolerance temperature your choice. Please pass your request through your local Vishay BCcomponents sales organization.
EXAMPLES SELECT
EXAMPLE leaded sensor required sensing temperatures refrigerator freezer compartments with temperature accuracy over whole temperature range Over this temperature range, circuit design requires that resistance should maintained between STEP Choose execution. Since temperature measured with high accuracy, nickel leads recommended. Their heat conductivity effectively isolates component from outside world, enabling accurately monitor temperature freezing compartments. From "Selection chart" seen that series components most suitable choice. STEP Refer series datasheet specifications. component meeting requirement that resistance should maintained between 5x222 type indicating tolerance). STEP Calculate required tolerance R25. Knowing that ±0.5 taking values from specifications:
SELECTING TEMPERATURE SENSOR
STEP Decide sensor series need from "Selection chart". Your choice depends operating temperature range other criteria such Accuracy Product size Required mechanical execution i.e. naked chip, SMD, epoxy coated, molded glass sealed Lead length diameter. STEP Decide value need. Refer characteristics sensor series chose Step these characteristic curves, each sensor series distinguished R25-value. Choose R25-value give resistance your average temperature operation between
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Document Number: 29053 Revision: 10-Oct-03
5.95 4.78 2.4%
STEP sensor choose therefore 2322 13104. STEP Verify that selected component fulfils requirement with regard rate temperature rise (dT/dt), from section "Temperature coefficient resistance":
calculate relative tolerance (R25/R25), simply subtract from tolerance B-value these temperatures obtained from this data sheet.
-1.94% 1.06% 2.4% -0.52% 1.92%
Take minimum which gives tolerance ±1%. selected component therefore 55222. STEP applicable. STEP Suppose that required R25/R25 been less than Though standard product meets that requirement, it's nevertheless possible specify custom products with different reference point, e.g. instead that meet narrower tolerance specifications. EXAMPLE Designing fast-charging circuit nickel hydride cells. During fast charging, rate temperature rise cells must monitored. this reaches K/min with tolerance ±10%, circuit must switch from fast charging trickle charge. Ambient temperature must between allow fast charging backup cut-off temperature (above which charging completely switched off) fixed Temperatures expected measured with accuracy STEP Surface mount products used this application. Since SMDs relatively temperatures needed, refer series rather than (MELF) series. STEP Choose component. From specifications series, seen that type with suitable i.e. 2322 1x104. STEP possible choose component with tolerance. temperature measurement range from Referring data 2322 1x104 series, maximum this range (i.e. tolerance type 1.92 3.45 tolerance type. Therefore tolerance type must chosen.
assure maximum rate temperature rise K/min (taking R-values from specifications):
3.31 27952.66 K/min -925 /min
This verified measuring rate change voltage (dV/dt) across sensor constant current rate change resistance dR/dt then determined dV/dt). same temperature, sensor with B-values extremes sensor tolerances will have: resistance 27952.66 -6.35/100) 26180 -3.31 (1-1/100) -3.28%/K (tolerance tolerance B25/85). same dR/dt, i.e. -925 /min this extreme component will limit maximum rate temperature rise dT/dt 100/3.28 1/26180 1.07 K/min which still falls within tolerance ±10% allowed rate temperature rise K/min K/min).
APPLICATION GROUPING
Applications NTCs classified into three main groups depending their physical properties: Applications which advantage taken dependence resistance temperature, shown formula:
f(T)
This group split into subsections: temperature thermistor determined only temperature ambient medium current separate heater winding). temperature thermistor also determined dissipation thermistor itself. Applications which time dependence decisive, when temperature considered parameter written:
f(t)
This group comprises applications which make thermal inertia thermistors.
Document Number: 29053 Revision: 10-Oct-03
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third group applications uses mainly property temperature coefficient being highly negative:
Also this group, applications listed which take advantage fact that absolute value temperature high, that part f(I) characteristic shows negative slope. classifications mentioned supported practical examples Figs
EXAMPLES
Fig.9 Liquid level control.
Fig.5
Temperature measurement industrial medical thermometers.
heater flow direction bimetal mA-meter
Fig.6
cooling water temperature measurement with bimetal.
Fig.10 Flow measurement liquids gases. temperature difference between measured velocity fluid.
differential mA-meter
Fig.7
cooling water temperature measurement with differential mA-meter.
Fig.11 Temperature sensing bridge with op-amp which acts differential amplifier. sensitivity very high.
Fig.8
Temperature measurement with bridge incorporating thermistor relay static switching device.
Fig.12 Basic temperature sensing configuration. op-amp (e.g. NE532) acts Schmitt-trigger. transfer characteristic shown Fig.13.
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Document Number: 29053 Revision: 10-Oct-03
relay
Fig. Transfer characteristic circuit shown
Fig.16 Simple thermostat.
COMP GATE COMP
SAWTOOTH GENERATOR
CLOCK PULSE GENERATOR
Fig.17 Temperature compensation transistor circuits. Push-pull compensation.
Fig.14 Temperature sensing bridge with offset ADC. voltage varies linearly with thermistor temperature. voltage equal that when thermistor temperature Both voltages comparator circuit. also Fig.15.
TEMPERATURE SENSORS USED THERMAL SWITCH
common temperature sensor bridge arms thermal switch circuit using operational amplifier such µA741. Figure shows typical thermal switch circuit refrigerator thermostat. circuit consists (DC) zener diode stabilized power supply, Wheatstone Bridge (containing temperature sensor) integrated comparator circuit controlling triac. circuit designed switch maximum load current
SAWTOOTH TEMPERATURE REF.
COMP
COMP
green triac BT136500D
GATE OUTPUT PULSES
(400
1N4148
LOAD
Fig.15 Pulses occurring various points circuit shown Fig.14.
Catalog number: 2322 32312. resistors 0.25
Fig.18 Refrigerator thermostat using temperature sensor. Document Number: 29053 Revision: 10-Oct-03 technical questions contact: nlr.europe@vishay.com www.vishay.com
HEAT DETECTION FIRE ALARMS
NTC2 (exposed) NTC1 (insulated) alarm
supply
type power regulator used. Fig.20, unregulated (DC) supply passed through linear power regulator charge batteries under control management TEA110X. BYD13D diode inhibits further charge (and prevents discharge) when battery pack full. further information refer "Application Note temperature protection rechargeable batteries, code number 9398 91011".
unregulated BYD13D BD132/ BDT60A
Fig.19 Circuit diagram typical heat detector using matched pair thermistors.
MAINS ADAPTER
BC549/ BC635
TEA110X(T)
TEMPERATURE PROTECTION RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES
Figure shows circuit diagram `intelligent' charger designed charge, within hour, NiCd NiMH battery pack containing AA-type cells. TEA110X allows
Fig.20 `Intelligent' charger based TEA110X with battery temperature sensing.
GLOSSARY TERMS
RESISTANCE Also called nominal resistance. Formerly specified only temperature, sometimes maximum three. technologies allow specification resistance values application ranges several types. TOLERANCE RESISTANCE limits values that resistance take reference temperature. B-VALUE B-value calculated using following formula:
MEASURE THERMISTORS
published RT-values measured temperature published B-value result measurement that Hence, these values should used when checking. following general precautions have taken when measuring thermistors: Never measure thermistors air; this quite inaccurate gives deviations measurements room temperature below, petrol some other non-conductive non-aggressive fluid. higher temperatures oil, preferably silicon oil. thermostat with accuracy better than Even fluid well stirred, there still temperature gradient fluid. Measure temperature close possible NTC. After placing thermostat, wait until temperature equilibrium between fluid obtained. some types this take more than minute. Keep measuring voltage possible, otherwise will heated measuring current. Miniature thermistors especially sensitive this respect. Measuring voltages less than recommended. high temperature measurements recommended that stem correction applied thermometer reading.
where nominal values resistance respectively. TOLERANCE B-VALUE limits value that take process variations. R-TOLERANCE B-DEVIATION tolerance B-value, limits value that take certain temperature increase with difference that temperature reference temperature. TOLERANCE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENT TREF tolerances resistance tolerance B-deviation. -VALUE Variation resistance small variations temperature around defined temperature. MAXIMUM DISSIPATION Maximum power which could applied without risk failure.
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Document Number: 29053 Revision: 10-Oct-03
PREFERRED TYPES
THERMISTORS TEMPERATURE SENSING specific details refer relevant section this data book.
NOMINAL B-VALUE 3560 ±0.75% 3528 ±0.5% 3528 ±0.5% 3528 ±0.5% 3977 ±0.75% 3977 ±0.75% 3977 ±0.75% 3977 ±0.75% 3977 ±0.75% 3740 3740 4090 ±1.5% 4090 ±1.5% 4190 ±1.5% 4190 ±1.5% 4370 ±2.5% 4370 ±2.5% CATALOG NUMBER 2322
NOMINAL B-VALUE
CATALOG NUMBER 2322
2322 TOLERANCE VERSION 3977 ±1.3% 3977 ±1.3% 3977 ±1.3% 3977 ±1.3% LEADED VERSION 3977 ±1.3% 3977 ±1.3% 3977 ±1.3% 3977 ±1.3% 2322 MOLDED 3977 ±0.75% 3740 3740 3740 4190 ±1.5% 4190 ±1.5% 2322 TOLERANCE 3600 3500 3570 3700 3800 3920 3960 4100 4100 3930 4025 2322 0603 3520 3600 3830 3610 3600 3730 3860 3960 3985 4100 53103 53203 53303 53104 83103 83203 83303 83104 66272 66123 66153 66223 66104 66474 53222 53472 53103 53153 53223 53333 53473 53683 53104 53334 53474 33222 33272 33472 33103 33153 33223 33333 33473 33683 33104
2322 TOLERANCE 0.47 63471 63102 63152 63202 63222 63332 63472 63682 63103 63153 63223 63333 63473 63683 63104 63154 63224 63474 66272 66472 66103 66473 66104 66474 54103 54473 54104 55103 55473 55104
4570 ±1.5% 2322 TOLERANCE 3977 ±0.75% 3977 ±0.75% 3977 ±0.75% 4090 ±1.5% 4190 ±1.5%
4570 ±1.5% 2322 TOLERANCE 3977 ±0.75% 4090 ±1.5%
4190 ±1.5% 2322 TOLERANCE 3977 ±0.75% 4090 ±1.5% 4190 ±1.5%
CATALOG NUMBER 2322 EPOXY-COATED TYPE 26222 26502 26103 26473 26104 Document Number: 29053 Revision: 10-Oct-03 WATER-RESISTANT TYPE 36222 36502 36103 36473 36104 BRASS-PIPE TYPE 46222 46103 46104
B25/85-VALUE 3977 ±0.75% 3977 ±0.75% 3977 ±0.75% 4090 4190 ±1.5% www.vishay.com
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