AC-COUPLED means which constant, component, signal removed, usually pa

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AC-COUPLED means which constant, component, signal removed, usually pa

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Video glossary
AC-COUPLED means which constant, component, signal removed, usually passing signal through capacitor. Amplitude Modulation (AM) modulation process which amplitude carrier signal scaled proportion modulation signal (which signal which carries content). modulation used video portion transmitted signal both NTSC standards. Anti-Top Flutter Pulse Disables phase detector during equalization framing times. Average Picture Level. mean average signal level during active video period. expressed percentage difference between blanking peak white IRE). Audio Video Back Porch That section video waveform between horizontal sync beginning active video. color burst signal inserted during this period. Bandwidth frequency range over which input signal uniform amplitude will passed with uniform output (within specified limit). Baseband Video Same Composite Video (CVS CVBS) Black Burst Black Burst (Color Black) composite video signal containing sync information, color reference (burst) setup information case NTSC). Black Burst often used studio reference facilitate synchronization devices system. Black Level signal level which represents black picture intensity. NTSC, this level (also called Setup) this level IRE. Black Level Noise Very similar white spot noise spike except opposite black level direction. Blanking Level video level immediately preceding following horizontal sync exclusive active video region. video level blanking defined IRE. case PAL, blanking level black level same. Breezeway That portion Back Porch between horizontal sync beginning color burst. Picture format used Video Conferencing. luminance pixels, chrominance pixels. QCIF similar picture format with one-quarter size CIF. Color Difference Signals chrominance information video signal, expressed combination orthogonal axis signals, (also called (also called Cr). These signals contain luminance information. Composite Video Composite video (CVS/CVBS) signal carries video picture information color, brightness synchronizing signals both horizontal vertical scans. Sometimes referred "Baseband Video". Color Television CVBS Same composite video. Data Slicing process extracting digital data from incoming, non-TTL signal. 1996
Coupled electrical connection passing both component well component signal. Restoration process setting level video signal defined level. restoration generally applied during back porch region video signal means clamp pulse applied restoration circuit that point signal. Discrete Cosine Transform used transform time-domain space-domain signal pseudo-frequency domain signal. This lossless, linear, invertible transformation used video compression algorithms. Demodulation process which original signal content recovered from modulated carrier. color television, demodulation additionally refer recovery color difference signals from modulated chroma subcarrier. Equalization Pulses pulses existing before after vertical pulse during vertical interval. These half horizontal length inserted effect half-line offset vertical sync required interlace. Field interlaced video total picture divided into fields, even each containing half total vertical information. Each field takes sixtieth second (one fiftieth PAL) complete. fields make complete frame video. Frequency modulation method which modulation signal which contains information used vary frequency carrier. NTSC video, modulation used transmit sound portion program. Frame frame (two fields) video contains full vertical interlaced information content picture. NTSC this consists lines frame consisted lines. Front Porch section video signal that lies between active video beginning leading edge horizontal sync. Full Field Teletext this mode, Teletext information transmitted over, virtually, available lines. Gamma Cathode tubes (CRTs) have linear relationship between brightness input voltage applied. compensate this non-linearity, distortion gamma correction applied, generally camera source. value gamma equal typical, vary different phosphors. Genlock composite video signals phase locked each other synchronizing both composite sync color burst signals. This process called genlock. Ghost Rows These rows that specified "row address field" "page header" displayed. These rows Sometimes referred "Extension Packets", these rows carry miscellaneous control information. (Page extension Telesoftware, linked pages, higher display level, etc.) Group Blocks. picture divided into groups blocks, which further divided into Macroblocks that are, turn, divided into blocks. block basic unit compression Videoconferencing. Harmonic Distortion distortion added signal which consists multiples harmonics that signal which were present original. System non-linearity contribute this distortion.
Video glossary
Huffman Coding/Entropy Coding lossless compression scheme that based probabilities occurrence symbols source. Compression achieved assigning shorter-length codes higher probability symbols. Horizontal Blanking front porch, horizontal sync back porch periods, i.e. entire period from active video beginning active video line. Horizontal Sync negative active pulse 287mv amplitude (300mv PAL) inserted composite video signal. This pulse extracted monitor receiving system) used horizontally synchronize define left hand side image. Tint color such red, pink, yellow, etc. undesirable superimposition 60Hz (50Hz Europe) power energy into signal content. H.261 Video compression standard; serves need videoconferencing over ISDN (International Services Data Network). H.263 Video compression standard; serves need videoconferencing over POTS (Plain Telephone System). Intercarrier Sound means which sound separated from modulated television signal sound carrier beat against video carrier. This produces 4.5MHz signal which contains audio portion television signal. Interlace method give higher apparent number lines television screen. television frame written with television lines "even field" placed between those "odd field". Signals Similar color difference signals (R-Y), (B-Y) using different vector axis encoding decoding. Used some manufacturers color decoding. 1/140 volt which peak peak amplitude video signal from bottom sync peak white. Sync burst amplitude defined units, while active video Max. unit originally defined Institute Radio Engineers, hence name. JPEG Joint Pictures Expert Group compression/decompression standard used static images, which, depending quantizing methods applied, produce loss information. combination (discrete cosine transforms), quantization, zig-zag scanning huffman coding techniques used compression/decompression process. Linear Distortion Distortions which independent amplitude. Luminance brightness black white content picture. saturation components exist. Luminance also referred letter defined scaled red, green blue primaries formula: Y=.30R+.59G+.11 Modulation process whereby signal containing information used vary some characteristic carrier. case carrier amplitude varied, case carrier frequency varied case chroma modulation, phase carrier (called subcarrier this case) modulated. Motion Estimation process used Video Compression estimate motion objects between successive encoded frames. 1996
MPEG Motion Pictures Expert Group compression/decompression standard used moving image sequences. same techniques used were JPEG, quantizing always used, therefore technique always lossy. Both forward backward prediction frames frames) generated referenced index fram frame). MPEG Serves need storage, retrieval decoding compressed digital video. Provides Quality video bit-rate about Mbits/sec over read channels very error-rate. MPEG Provides broadcast quality video bit-rate about Mbits/sec. Serves need video-on-demand broadcasting, editing, recording playback digital video. NABTS North American Broadcasting Teletext Specifications. Note that this standard. This document specifies both acquisition protocol display format. display format NAPLPS. NAPLPS North American Presentation Level Protocol Syntax. Again, this display standard. applies both Teletext Videotex services. Non-Linear Distortion These distortions which amplitude dependent. Differential gain phase measurements used measure these distortions. NTSC National Television Standards Committee (USA). Page Header This equivalent Carry Control information about this page. Phase Alternate Line. television standard used Europe other countries which alternates relationship color axes line line basis that color modulation errors canceled out. Peak White Maximum amplitude signal corresponding maximum brightness video screen. Peritel audio/video connector standard European receivers. Serves same purpose connector some newer American sets. Quadrature Refers process which different modulation signals each modulate carriers same frequency which degrees phase. summed signals added together transmission recovered receiver they demodulated degrees apart. This process used modulate chrominance information onto color subcarrier video signal. Quadrature Distortion Distortion which results sidebands vestigial sideband transmission uneven asymmetrical. synchronous decoding used instead envelope detection, this distortion minimized. Video System used standard Television transmissions antenna cable system. Baseband video amplitude modulated carrier. Three separate signals Red, Green Blue used produce color image. Run-length Coding list numbers, Run-length coding replaces consecutive zeros with Run-length. Each non-zero number then, represented pair numbers, Run-length level. Run-length refers number zeros preceding non-zero number. Run-length coding applied coefficients after they have been zig-zag scanned, prior entropy coding. R-Y, G-Y, Red, Green Blue signals without luminance (-Y).
Video glossary
Sandcastle Pulse Multilevel pulse generated horizontal processor vertical deflection circuit. This pulse contains gating pulse blanking signal information color decoder video control circuits. Saturation characteristic describing color amplitude intensity. color given consist high saturation value which relates vividness color. SECAM Sequential Color Memory system. color system used primarily France USSR. Setup video level which, NTSC, defines black level which above blanking. does have setup. Picture format used Video Conferencing. luminance pixels, chrominance pixels. QSIF similar picture format with one-quarter size SIF. Service Reference Model NAPLPS. skeleton NAPLPS, specifying level type display order allow easy implementation (256h 200v pixels). Subcarrier carrier used convey chroma information within composite video signal. color difference signals modulated onto subcarrier process quadrature modulation. frequency subcarrier signal related half-line multiples horizontal frequency such manner allow chrominance frequency spectrum co-exist interleave within luminance spectrum. Synchronous Detection process which demodulation performed multiplying signal another signal generated oscillator which locked original carrier. This method preferred over envelope detection. Teletext broadcast digital information.
Termination Unless proper source termination impedance's presented transmission line, such co-ax cable, undesirable reflections ringing occur. Video transmission cable typically characteristic impedance ohms should terminated same. Unmodulated Refers pure carrier frequency with Phase modulation imposed upon Also referred continuous wave. Vectorscope oscilloscope specifically designed demodulate display chroma display decoded color with respect axis. displayed angle around display, saturation amount displacement from center. Vertical Blanking Interval (VBI) time takes beam back screen order retrace opposite field (odd even). order PAL) lines. Teletext information transmitted over these lines (lines 14-17). Videotex two-way interactive system through which user communicate large, organized secure, database through telephone line using display medium. Waveform Monitor oscilloscope designed measure specific timings video signal. World System Teletext (WST) World System Teletext based British teletext standard which one-to-one correspondence exists between transmitted characters,page memory, word addresses display screen character locations. Over world's teletext decoders compatible. Signal Luminance. Determines brightness each spot (pixel) screen either color systems, color. Zig-Zag Scanning process converting two-dimensional coefficient block into one-dimensional block that results better energy-packing. Zig-zag scanning used prior run-length coding entropy encoding.
1996
Audio glossary
AC-coupled means which constant, (direct current) component signal removed, usually passing signal through capacitor. Analog Digital Converter. Device translate analog voltages into equivalent numerical representation. AES/EBU Audio Engineering Society European Broadcasting Union become synonym professional digital audio data format used broadcasting recording environments. signals transmitted (unbalanced) wires (balanced) ground. This professional version IEC958 digital format with enhanced functionality. Aliasing Undesired (but hardly avoidable) artifacts that created process converting signals from analog into digital domain. They caused analog signal elements that folded into audible band during conversion described Nyquist criteria Anti-Aliasing Filter Building block digital audio system used remove Aliasing artifacts. combination Philips Bitstream Continuous Calibration techniques (used newer generation devices). Bitclock. Bitclock signals LSB-justified digital audio format. There least bitclock significant bit. accommodate different systems data "padded" arbitrary number additional bitclocks. Bitstream Conversion technique where digital signal represented means stream bits very high frequency (1-Bit conversion). Continuous Calibration. CC-DAC Analog Digital Converter using Continuous Calibration. Channel Separation Means which amount Crosstalk between left right audio channel described. Continuous Calibration Technique used newer Digital Analog Converters (DACs) where internal current sources that used conversion process continuously recalibrated ensure very high accuracy output signals. Crosstalk Undesired amount signal from channel found other. Usually found Channel Separation value. Analog Digital Converter. Device translate digital (numerical) representation signal into equivalent analog voltage. Data signal line digital audio data like that actually carries data left right channel. Every coincides with exactly Bitclock while Word Select signal indicates which channel data currently representing. Digital Filter Building block digital audio device that manipulates digital data some way. most general sense Digital Filter used perform possible task. Popular examples digital filter functions volume control tone control, de-emphasis, etc. 1996
Dynamic Range Means which difference between largest possible signal smallest possible representable digital signal measured. maximum possible dynamic range digital system found 6dB*N, where number significant bits (i.e., system, bits, etc.). Full Scale Input Voltage Analog Voltage that causes output maximum (full scale) digital value. Full Scale Output Voltage Analog Voltage that results when outputs maximum digital value (full scale). Sampling Frequency. Fsys System Frequency System Clock. I2C-Bus Inter-Integrated-Circuit-Bus. system, invented Philips widely used industry, mainly medium transmit control information between different (Inter e.g., send data from microcontroller sound controller chip). format transports data signal Word Select, Bitclock DATA I2S-Bus Inter Integrated-circuit Sound-Bus. Serial Digital Audio Format, introduced Philips widely used industry, where most significant transmitted Bitclock after Word Select signal changed status. relevant bits (usually bit, number possible) followed number "idle" Bitclocks until Bitclock changes status again. This format supported most Philips Semiconductors Digital Audio Devices. IEC958 wire (plus ground) serial Digital Audio Format. found these days e.g. medium high quality CD-players digital output signal. Also referred S/PDIF. Least Significant digital data. LSB-justified Serial Digital Audio Format where least significant always transmitted last before Word Select signal changes status. relevant bits (usually follow number "idle" Bitclocks. Supported most Philips Semiconductors Digital Audio Devices. Master Mode device generates System Clock that might used control other devices system. Most Significant digital data. MSB-justified Digital Audio Format where most significant always transmitted first after Word Select signal changed status. relevant bits (any number possible) followed number "idle" Bitclocks until Word Select changes status again. Most popular example Noise Shaper Building block (usually part Digital Filter) higher class devices shift noise from "in-band" range (i.e., within audible frequencies) "out-of-band" range where easily removed using inexpensive first order analog filters Post Filtering. Nyquist criteria Physical law, named after finder Nyquist, that states that digital representation analog signal will never contain frequencies that higher than half sampling frequency. Frequencies above so-called Nyquist frequency will folded back into audible range cause usually undesired artifacts (Aliasing). Oversampling Method sample signal higher frequency (usually multiple desired sampling frequency
Audio glossary
Post Filtering Analog Filter circuitry remove "out-of-band" frequency left-overs output DAC. Depending quality digital filtering inside digital device analog post filtering easy single pole filter complicated even order Opamp based filter network. Resolution Benchmark number related Dynamic Range. device characterized either using Resolution (usually bits) dynamic range (usually given dB). Sampling Frequency Number times second that analog signal probed translated into digital value (sampled). value given Most common sampling frequencies audio systems kHz, 44.1 standard) (professional systems). "S"-Format Sony Digital Audio Format. Same LSB-justified format. Signal Noise Means which devices noise behavior rated. absolute output noise voltage into relation sinewave known amplitude output (e.g., Full Scale Output Voltage). Slave Mode device receives System Clock from another device system that timing externally controlled. Signal Noise. S/PDIF Sony/Philips Digital Interface Format. SYSCLK System Clock.
System Clock Signal needed almost digital systems operate ADCs, DACs other Digital Audio devices. signal generally used clocking internal circuitry most cases multiple Bitclock signal. System Frequency System Clock. Total Harmonic Distortion. Means which device's signal processing linearity rated. assumes input perfect sinewave takes account harmonics generated through nonlinearity signal processing chain them relation amplitude original sinewave. Compare (THD+N)/S. (THD+N)/S Total Harmonic Distortion plus Noise Signal Ratio. Means which device's signal processing linearity noise behavior rated. assumes input perfect sinewave takes account harmonics generated through nonlinearity signal processing chain well additional noise introduced puts relation amplitude original sinewave. Compare THD. Up-Sampling Filter Building block (Digital Filter) digital audio system used sample already sampled signal higher frequency. This moves undesired artifacts higher frequencies where they easily removed using inexpensive filters. Word Select signal. This signal indicates Data Bitclock currently valid representation left right channel (used e.g., LSB-justified formats). frequency this signal equal Sampling Frequency.
1996

AC-COUPLED means which constant, component, signal removed, usually pa

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